Acknowledgments Xi
Introduction: The Paradoxes of U.s. Human Rights Policy Xiii
Chapter 1 The U.s. System of Foreign Policy Making = 1
Theories of Foreign Policy = 2
Foreign Policy Actors = 7
Tools of U.s. Human Rights Foreign Policy = 17
What Is Foreign Aid? = 19
Foreign Aid and Human Rights = 22
Conclusion = 27
Chapter 2 a Matter of Unintended Consequences: The Nixon and Ford Administrations = 29
Realpolitik = 30
Congress and The Imperial President = 33
The Helsinki Conference = 44
The Executive Branch Rebuff = 46
The Public, Nongovernmental Organizations, The Media, and The Human Rights Agenda = 49
Conclusion = 51
Chapter 3 U.s. Human Rights Policy, The Unintended Victim: The Carter Administration = 53
Idealism = 54
The Implementation of U.s. Human Rights Policy = 56
Human Rights Policy As An Unintended Victim = 62
Idealism in a Realist World = 72
Congress As a Continued Force for Human Rights = 74
Conclusion = 78
Chapter 4 The Contradictions of U.s. Human Rights Policy: The Reagan Administration = 81
Conservative Realism = 82
The Renewed Cold War Warrior = 86
U.s. Foreign Aid = 90
The Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs = 95
Congress' Continued Role = 98
Institutionalizing Human Rights = 106
Conclusion = 110
Chapter 5 Human Rights in The New World Order: The George H.w. Bush Administration = 113
A Pragmatic Conservative Realist = 115
Bush's Leadership Style and Relationship With Congress = 117
Political Expediency in International Crises = 118
The War on Drugs and Human Rights Abuses = 126
A Kinder, Gentler Central America Policy = 130
Foreign Aid = 132
Conclusion = 133
Chapter 6 Selling Off Human Rights: The Clinton Administration = 137
Liberal Internationalism = 139
Repudiated Idealism: The Selling Off of Human Rights = 142
Assertive Multilateralism = 149
Foreign Aid = 155
Congressional Human Rights Initiatives = 158
Conclusion = 162
Chapter 7 U.s. Human Rights Policy, The Calculated Victim: The George W. Bush Administration = 165
Neoconservativism = 167
The New Imperial Presidency: Bush's Grab for Power = 170
Democracy at The Point of a Gun = 174
Foreign Aid = 179
A Stain on Our Country's Honor = 184
Conclusion = 188
Chapter 8 Conclusion: Paradox Lost? = 191
Notes = 197
References = 213
Index = 227
Introduction: The Paradoxes of U.s. Human Rights Policy Xiii
Chapter 1 The U.s. System of Foreign Policy Making = 1
Theories of Foreign Policy = 2
Foreign Policy Actors = 7
Tools of U.s. Human Rights Foreign Policy = 17
What Is Foreign Aid? = 19
Foreign Aid and Human Rights = 22
Conclusion = 27
Chapter 2 a Matter of Unintended Consequences: The Nixon and Ford Administrations = 29
Realpolitik = 30
Congress and The Imperial President = 33
The Helsinki Conference = 44
The Executive Branch Rebuff = 46
The Public, Nongovernmental Organizations, The Media, and The Human Rights Agenda = 49
Conclusion = 51
Chapter 3 U.s. Human Rights Policy, The Unintended Victim: The Carter Administration = 53
Idealism = 54
The Implementation of U.s. Human Rights Policy = 56
Human Rights Policy As An Unintended Victim = 62
Idealism in a Realist World = 72
Congress As a Continued Force for Human Rights = 74
Conclusion = 78
Chapter 4 The Contradictions of U.s. Human Rights Policy: The Reagan Administration = 81
Conservative Realism = 82
The Renewed Cold War Warrior = 86
U.s. Foreign Aid = 90
The Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs = 95
Congress' Continued Role = 98
Institutionalizing Human Rights = 106
Conclusion = 110
Chapter 5 Human Rights in The New World Order: The George H.w. Bush Administration = 113
A Pragmatic Conservative Realist = 115
Bush's Leadership Style and Relationship With Congress = 117
Political Expediency in International Crises = 118
The War on Drugs and Human Rights Abuses = 126
A Kinder, Gentler Central America Policy = 130
Foreign Aid = 132
Conclusion = 133
Chapter 6 Selling Off Human Rights: The Clinton Administration = 137
Liberal Internationalism = 139
Repudiated Idealism: The Selling Off of Human Rights = 142
Assertive Multilateralism = 149
Foreign Aid = 155
Congressional Human Rights Initiatives = 158
Conclusion = 162
Chapter 7 U.s. Human Rights Policy, The Calculated Victim: The George W. Bush Administration = 165
Neoconservativism = 167
The New Imperial Presidency: Bush's Grab for Power = 170
Democracy at The Point of a Gun = 174
Foreign Aid = 179
A Stain on Our Country's Honor = 184
Conclusion = 188
Chapter 8 Conclusion: Paradox Lost? = 191
Notes = 197
References = 213
Index = 227