Preface = ix Acknowledgements = x GIossary = xi Acronyms and conventions = xxiii 1. Introduction = 1 I Overview = 1 II. The proliferation of technology = 2 III. Causes for optimism and reasons for concern = 3 IV. The aims and scope of this book = 4 2. Uranium enrichment technologies = 9 I. Introduction = 9 II. The process of uranium enrichment = 12 III. Gaseous diffusion = 14 IV. Electromagnetlc isotope separation = 27 V. The gas centrifuge = 34 VI. Aerodynamic methods = 46 VII. Laser enrichment = 49 VIII. Comparison of uranium enrichment technologies = 63 IX. Conclusion = 653. Plutonium production = 69 I. Introduction = 69 II. The nuclear fuel cycle and the production of fissile material = 71 The technology of reprocessing = 79 IV. Disposal of fissile material = 84 4. The Iraqi nuclear programme = 97 I. Introduction = 97 II. The inspections: an overview of the main findings = 101 III. UN Secunty Council Resolutions relating to Iraq = 102 IV. The inspections: a detailed account = 105 V. Ongoing and long-term monitoring = 141 VI. Conclusions: summary of the inspection findings and lessons learned = 143 5. Safeguards: present and future I. The role, scope and limitations of safeguards = 147 II. The objectives of safeguards = 149 III. Options for improvement and assessment = 154 IV. Developments in the former USSR = 172 V. Conclusions: the future of safeguards = 174 6. Export controls: progress and problems = 177 I. Introduction = 177 II. International restrictions on exports of nuclear materials and equipment = 178 Ill. Current prospects and concerns = 188 IV. Conclusions = 196 7. Verification and intelligence = 199 I. Introduction = 199 II. Verification of nuclear non-proliferation: monitoring means, methods and organization = 201 III. The case of North Korea = 222 IV. New priorities = 237 V. Conclusions = 240 8. Conclusions = 243 I. Uranium enrichment technologies = 244 II. The production and disposal of plutonium = 246 Ill. Safeguards = 247 IV. Export controls = 248 V. Verification, intelligence and proliferation = 249 VI. Regional developments = 250 VII. Iraq, North Korea and dealing with nuclear proliferation = 251 Appendix A. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons = 255 Appendix B. Implementation of the NPT = 259 Table B. States parties to the NPT, as of 15 April 1995 = 260 Appendix C. International Atomic Energy Agency documents = 265 Appendix D. UN Security Council resolutions relating to Iraq = 331.