1. Mexican Americans and the Law = 3
Brief History of Mexican Americans and the Law = 4
People v. Zammora (Sleepy Lagoon, 1944) = 7
Securing the Rights of Mexican Americans = 10
The Legal Construction of Mexican American Identity = 10
Hernandez v. Texas (1954) = 11
Other Legal Protections = 13
Theme of the Book = 14
Discussion Questions = 17
Suggested Readings = 17
Notes = 18
2. Educational Equality = 20
Segregation = 20
Mendez v. Westminister School District of Orange County (1946) = 23
Unequal Funding = 29
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973) = 30
Other Educational Challenges = 35
Concluding Thoughts = 37
Discussion Questions = 37
Suggested Readings = 38
Notes = 39
3. Gender and the Law = 41
Reproductive Rights = 42
Madrigal v. Quilligan (1981) = 44
Sexual Harassment and Other Workplace Discrimination = 47
EEOC V. Hacienda Hotel (1989) = 50
Violence, Gender, and Sexual Identity = 54
Aguirre-Cervantes v. INS (2001) = 55
Concluding Thoughts = 61
Discussion Questions = 62
Suggested Readings = 63
Notes = 63
4. Law and Language = 65
Early History of Language in the United States = 67
Language as a Civil Rights Issue = 69
Yniguez v. Arizonans for Official English (1995) = 70
Language in the Workplace = 77
Garcia v. Gloor (1980) = 78
Bilingual Education = 81
Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools (1974) = 83
Recent Challenges = 85
Concluding Thoughts = 86
Discussion Questions = 86
Suggested Readings = 88
Notes = 88
5. Immigration = 89
Securing the U.S.-Mexico Border = 90
U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975) = 91
U.S. v. Martinez-Fuerte (1976) = 94
The Challenge of Public Benefits = 98
Plyler v. Doe (1982) = 99
League of United Latin American Citizens v. Wilson (1997) = 107
Other Important Developments = 110
Concluding Thoughts = 112
Discussion Questions = 112
Suggested Readings = 113
Notes = 113
6. Voting Rights = 115
Voting Rights Litigation = 115
Reapportionment and Redistricting = 117
White v. Regester (1973) = 119
Redistricting after White = 121
Bush v. Vera (1996) = 123
Combining Forces with African Americans = 127
The Unrealized Hope of Statistical Sampling = 129
Concluding Thoughts = 131
Discussion Questions = 132
Suggested Readings = 133
Notes = 133
7. Affirmative Action = 134
Brief History of Affirmative Action = 135
Legal Standards for Reviewing Affirmative Action Programs = 137
Affirmative Action in Institutions of Higher Learning = 139
Hopwood v. State of Texas (1996) = 143
State Initiatives = 152
Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson (1997) = 153
Concluding Thoughts = 155
Discussion Questions = 155
Suggested Readings = 156
Notes = 156
8. The Criminal Justice System = 157
Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection and Jury Exclusion = 159
Hernandez v. Texas (1954) = 160
Hernandez v. New York (1991) = 162
Voluntary Confessions and the Fifth Amendment Right against Self-Incrimination = 163
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) = 164
Sixth Amendment Right to Legal Counsel = 168
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) = 169
Concluding Thoughts = 173
Discussion Questions = 174
Suggested Readings = 175
Notes = 176
Glossary = 177
List of Websites = 189
Figure Credits = 191
Index 193
Brief History of Mexican Americans and the Law = 4
People v. Zammora (Sleepy Lagoon, 1944) = 7
Securing the Rights of Mexican Americans = 10
The Legal Construction of Mexican American Identity = 10
Hernandez v. Texas (1954) = 11
Other Legal Protections = 13
Theme of the Book = 14
Discussion Questions = 17
Suggested Readings = 17
Notes = 18
2. Educational Equality = 20
Segregation = 20
Mendez v. Westminister School District of Orange County (1946) = 23
Unequal Funding = 29
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973) = 30
Other Educational Challenges = 35
Concluding Thoughts = 37
Discussion Questions = 37
Suggested Readings = 38
Notes = 39
3. Gender and the Law = 41
Reproductive Rights = 42
Madrigal v. Quilligan (1981) = 44
Sexual Harassment and Other Workplace Discrimination = 47
EEOC V. Hacienda Hotel (1989) = 50
Violence, Gender, and Sexual Identity = 54
Aguirre-Cervantes v. INS (2001) = 55
Concluding Thoughts = 61
Discussion Questions = 62
Suggested Readings = 63
Notes = 63
4. Law and Language = 65
Early History of Language in the United States = 67
Language as a Civil Rights Issue = 69
Yniguez v. Arizonans for Official English (1995) = 70
Language in the Workplace = 77
Garcia v. Gloor (1980) = 78
Bilingual Education = 81
Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools (1974) = 83
Recent Challenges = 85
Concluding Thoughts = 86
Discussion Questions = 86
Suggested Readings = 88
Notes = 88
5. Immigration = 89
Securing the U.S.-Mexico Border = 90
U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975) = 91
U.S. v. Martinez-Fuerte (1976) = 94
The Challenge of Public Benefits = 98
Plyler v. Doe (1982) = 99
League of United Latin American Citizens v. Wilson (1997) = 107
Other Important Developments = 110
Concluding Thoughts = 112
Discussion Questions = 112
Suggested Readings = 113
Notes = 113
6. Voting Rights = 115
Voting Rights Litigation = 115
Reapportionment and Redistricting = 117
White v. Regester (1973) = 119
Redistricting after White = 121
Bush v. Vera (1996) = 123
Combining Forces with African Americans = 127
The Unrealized Hope of Statistical Sampling = 129
Concluding Thoughts = 131
Discussion Questions = 132
Suggested Readings = 133
Notes = 133
7. Affirmative Action = 134
Brief History of Affirmative Action = 135
Legal Standards for Reviewing Affirmative Action Programs = 137
Affirmative Action in Institutions of Higher Learning = 139
Hopwood v. State of Texas (1996) = 143
State Initiatives = 152
Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson (1997) = 153
Concluding Thoughts = 155
Discussion Questions = 155
Suggested Readings = 156
Notes = 156
8. The Criminal Justice System = 157
Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection and Jury Exclusion = 159
Hernandez v. Texas (1954) = 160
Hernandez v. New York (1991) = 162
Voluntary Confessions and the Fifth Amendment Right against Self-Incrimination = 163
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) = 164
Sixth Amendment Right to Legal Counsel = 168
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) = 169
Concluding Thoughts = 173
Discussion Questions = 174
Suggested Readings = 175
Notes = 176
Glossary = 177
List of Websites = 189
Figure Credits = 191
Index 193