Introduction = 1
KEES KOONINGS AND DIRK KRUIJT
1 Armed actors, organized violence and state failure in Latin America: a survey of issues and arguments = 5
KEES KOONINGS AND DIRK KRUIJT
Democracy and violence = 5
State failure, uncivil society and 'new violence' = 7
The proliferation of armed actors = 9
Armed actors and violence: social and political consequences = 13
2 The military and their shadowy brothers-in-arms = 16
DIRK KRUIJT AND KEES KOONINGS
Political armies: officers and gentlemen? = 16
Intelligence: secrecy, impunity and action = 19
Paramilitary forces = 25
Conclusion = 30
3 Policing extensions in Latin America = 33
PIET VAN REENEN
Introduction = 33
The nature of 'policing extensions' = 34
Latin American policing extensions: basic pattern and diversity = 35
Brazil: simple patterns = 38
Guatemala: complexity = 43
Final observations: the threat of repoliticization = 48
4 Civil defence forces: Peru's Comites de Autodefensa Civil and Guatemala's Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil in
comparative perspective = 52
MARIO FUMERTON AND SIMONE REMIJNSE
Introduction = 52
The genesis of civil defence patrols in Peru and Guatemala = 53
State counter-insurgency and civil defence in Peru and Guatemala = 56
The civil defence patrols and the rule of law = 61
The civil defence patrols and civil society = 63
The civil defence patrols and the construction of citizenship = 66
The social legacy of civil defence patrols in Peru and Guatemala = 68
5 Violence as market strategy in drug trafficking: the Andean experience = 73
MENNO VELLINGA
Introduction = 73
The cocaine industry: production and trafficking = 74
The growth of the drug industry: major conditioning factors = 75
The industry and its entrepreneurs = 78
Business practices in the drug industry = 82
Conclusions = 84
6 Armed actors in the Colombian conflict = 87
FRANCISCO LEAL BUITRAGO
Deficient political administration, guerrilla consolidation, and the rise of the paramilitaries, 1958-90 = 87
The failure of the civil control of military policy and the strengthening of armed actors, 1990-98 = 92
Plan Colombia and the escalation of the war, 1998-2003 = 99
Conclusion = 103
7 Venezuela: the remilitarization of politics = 106
HAROLD A. TRINKUNAS
The role of the military in the Punto Fijo democracy = 108
The erosion of civilian control of the armed forces in Venezuela = 110
The 11 April 2002 coup attempt = 112
The December 2002 general strike and beyond = 118
The growth of civilian organized violence during the Chavez administration = 120
The effects of organized violence on Venezuelan society = 122
Conclusions: explaining the remilitarization of politics = 125
8 A failed state facing new criminal problems: the case of Argentina = 127
MARCELO SAIN
Democratization and new forms of violence = 127
The new criminal problems in Argentina = 130
Political misgovernment, deficient policing and social insecurity = 135
9 Urban violence and drug warfare in Brazil = 139
ALBA ZALUAR
Introduction = 139
A brief history of social and institutional violence in Brazil = 140
Urban violence, crime and drugs = 141
Explaining the paradox of violence = 143
Drug trafficking in Rio de Janeiro = 146
The warrior ethos and warfare = 149
Conclusion = 153
10 Youth gangs, social exclusion and the transformation of violence in El Salvador = 155
WIM SAVENIJE AND CHRIS VAN DER BORGH
Statistics on violence and homicides = 156
The depoliticization of violence in El Salvador = 157
Explaining the transformation of violence in El Salvador = 159
Structural, political and symbolic violence = 160
Violence in marginalized neighbourhoods in San Salvador = 161
The mara phenomenon = 165
Conclusion = 169
11 Violence and fear in Colombia: fragmentation of space, contraction of time and forms of evasion = 172
LUIS ALBERTO RESTREPO
Violence and fear in Colombia = 172
Social distribution of the violence = 174
Fear and its impact = 179
Forms of flight = 182
12 Epilogue: violence and the quest for order in contemporary Latin America = 186
PATRICIO SILVA
About the contributors = 192
Bibliography = 194
Index 211
KEES KOONINGS AND DIRK KRUIJT
1 Armed actors, organized violence and state failure in Latin America: a survey of issues and arguments = 5
KEES KOONINGS AND DIRK KRUIJT
Democracy and violence = 5
State failure, uncivil society and 'new violence' = 7
The proliferation of armed actors = 9
Armed actors and violence: social and political consequences = 13
2 The military and their shadowy brothers-in-arms = 16
DIRK KRUIJT AND KEES KOONINGS
Political armies: officers and gentlemen? = 16
Intelligence: secrecy, impunity and action = 19
Paramilitary forces = 25
Conclusion = 30
3 Policing extensions in Latin America = 33
PIET VAN REENEN
Introduction = 33
The nature of 'policing extensions' = 34
Latin American policing extensions: basic pattern and diversity = 35
Brazil: simple patterns = 38
Guatemala: complexity = 43
Final observations: the threat of repoliticization = 48
4 Civil defence forces: Peru's Comites de Autodefensa Civil and Guatemala's Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil in
comparative perspective = 52
MARIO FUMERTON AND SIMONE REMIJNSE
Introduction = 52
The genesis of civil defence patrols in Peru and Guatemala = 53
State counter-insurgency and civil defence in Peru and Guatemala = 56
The civil defence patrols and the rule of law = 61
The civil defence patrols and civil society = 63
The civil defence patrols and the construction of citizenship = 66
The social legacy of civil defence patrols in Peru and Guatemala = 68
5 Violence as market strategy in drug trafficking: the Andean experience = 73
MENNO VELLINGA
Introduction = 73
The cocaine industry: production and trafficking = 74
The growth of the drug industry: major conditioning factors = 75
The industry and its entrepreneurs = 78
Business practices in the drug industry = 82
Conclusions = 84
6 Armed actors in the Colombian conflict = 87
FRANCISCO LEAL BUITRAGO
Deficient political administration, guerrilla consolidation, and the rise of the paramilitaries, 1958-90 = 87
The failure of the civil control of military policy and the strengthening of armed actors, 1990-98 = 92
Plan Colombia and the escalation of the war, 1998-2003 = 99
Conclusion = 103
7 Venezuela: the remilitarization of politics = 106
HAROLD A. TRINKUNAS
The role of the military in the Punto Fijo democracy = 108
The erosion of civilian control of the armed forces in Venezuela = 110
The 11 April 2002 coup attempt = 112
The December 2002 general strike and beyond = 118
The growth of civilian organized violence during the Chavez administration = 120
The effects of organized violence on Venezuelan society = 122
Conclusions: explaining the remilitarization of politics = 125
8 A failed state facing new criminal problems: the case of Argentina = 127
MARCELO SAIN
Democratization and new forms of violence = 127
The new criminal problems in Argentina = 130
Political misgovernment, deficient policing and social insecurity = 135
9 Urban violence and drug warfare in Brazil = 139
ALBA ZALUAR
Introduction = 139
A brief history of social and institutional violence in Brazil = 140
Urban violence, crime and drugs = 141
Explaining the paradox of violence = 143
Drug trafficking in Rio de Janeiro = 146
The warrior ethos and warfare = 149
Conclusion = 153
10 Youth gangs, social exclusion and the transformation of violence in El Salvador = 155
WIM SAVENIJE AND CHRIS VAN DER BORGH
Statistics on violence and homicides = 156
The depoliticization of violence in El Salvador = 157
Explaining the transformation of violence in El Salvador = 159
Structural, political and symbolic violence = 160
Violence in marginalized neighbourhoods in San Salvador = 161
The mara phenomenon = 165
Conclusion = 169
11 Violence and fear in Colombia: fragmentation of space, contraction of time and forms of evasion = 172
LUIS ALBERTO RESTREPO
Violence and fear in Colombia = 172
Social distribution of the violence = 174
Fear and its impact = 179
Forms of flight = 182
12 Epilogue: violence and the quest for order in contemporary Latin America = 186
PATRICIO SILVA
About the contributors = 192
Bibliography = 194
Index 211