PART 1 Becoming Motivated to Become a Policy Advocate: Policy Practice and Policy Advocacy as the Fourth
Dimension of Social Work Practice
Joining a Tradition of Social Reform = 2
Diversity and Policy Advocacy = 2
Advancing the Public Interest at Home and Abroad = 8
Using an Ecological Perspective = 8
What Policy Practitioners and Advocates Seek to Change = 9
What Are Policy Practice and Policy Advocacy? = 13
Challenges Encountered by Policy Advocates = 14
Joining a Tradition of Policy Advocacy = 18
Joining the Reform Tradition Within Social Work = 21
Policy Devolution, Technology, and Policy Advocacy = 22
Becoming an Effective Policy Advocate = 23
Developing a Vision = 23
Seeking Opportunities for Policy Advocacy = 24
Taking Sensible Risks = 25
Balancing Flexibility with Planning = 25
Developing Multiple Skills = 26
Being Persistent = 27
Tolerating Uncertainty = 27
Becoming a Policy Advocate = 28
Combining Pragmatism with Principle = 28
The Rewards of Policy Advocacy = 28
Changing the Composition of Decision Makers = 30
Getting Started = 31
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 32
Notes = 32
Suggested Readings = 33
Articulating Four Rationales for Participating in Policy Advocacy = 34
The Ethical Rationale for Policy Advocacy = 34
Beneficence and Professional Practice = 35
Policy-Sensitive and Policy-Related Practice = 36
Moving Toward Policy Advocacy = 38
Policy Advocacy and Powerless Groups = 40
Policy Advocacy for Out-Groups = 44
Other Ethical Principles in Policy Advocacy = 48
Other Types of Ethical Reasoning = 49
Toward an Eclectic Approach to Ethical Reasoning = 50
Returning to Ideology = 51
The Analytic Rationale for Policy Advocacy = 54
Choosing Sides: Controversy and Research = 56
The Political Rationale for Policy Advocacy = 60
Interlocking Rationales for Policy Advocacy = 63
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 64
Notes = 64
Suggested Readings = 66
PART 2 Surmounting Cynicism by Developing Policy-Advocacy Skills = 67
Obtaining Skills and Competencies for Policy Advocacy = 68
A Policy Practice Framework = 69
The Policy Context = 69
Perspectives of Stakeholders and Policy Advocates = 70
Patterns of Participation = 72
The Six Tasks of Policy Practitioners = 73
Four Skills That Policy Practitioners Need = 74
Policy Competencies = 75
Styles of Policy Practice = 78
Applications of Policy Tasks and Skills = 81
Building Agendas = 81
Analyzing Problems = 82
Writing Proposals = 83
Enacting Policy = 83
Implementing Policy = 84
Assessing Policy = 84
Analyzing Policy Practice = 85
Describing Policy Practice: A Case Example = 86
The Context = 86
The Policy Tasks = 87
Using Skills to Accomplish Policy Tasks = 88
Ballot-Based Advocacy = 90
The Variety of Policies = 91
Overcoming Discomfort with Power = 92
Social Policy's Role in Ecological Frameworks = 94
Policy Practice as a Unifying Theme = 94
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 94
Notes = 99
Suggested Readings = 100
Understanding the Ecology of Policy in Governmental Electoral, Community, and Agency Settings = 101
The Players in Legislative and Governmental Settings = 101
Elected Officials = 102
Unelected Officials or Bureaucrats = 110
Lobbyists and Interest Groups = 111
Connections Among Interest Groups, Legislators, and Bureaucrats = 112
Public Opinion = 112
The Electoral Process = 113
Early Maneuvering = 113
Running Campaigns = 114
The MindSets of Elected Officials = 115
The Environment of Public Servants: Elected Officials = 116
Shortcuts: Aides, Lobbyists, and Priorities = 117
The Calculus of Choice = 117
The MindSets of Nonelected Officials = 119
Political Appointees = 119
Civil Servants = 120
Strategy in Legislative Settings = 120
The Political Economy of Social Agencies = 121
The Political Economy of Programs and Social Work Units = 125
Mapping Agencies' Policies = 126
The Players in Organizational Settings = 130
The Organizational Chart = 131
Budget Priorities = 132
Boundary Spanners and Mission Enhancers = 132
Informal Relationships among Organizational Members = 132
The Political Economy of Communities = 133
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 134
Notes = 134
Suggested Readings = 137
PART 3 Committing to Problems and Solutions = 139
Committing to an Issue: Building Agendas = 140
Taking the First Step = 141
Why Agenda Building Is Needed = 142
Legislatures = 142
State Legislative Information = 143
Agencies = 144
Communities = 145
Three Challenges in Agenda Building = 145
The Diagnosing Stage = 148
The Softening Stage = 151
The Activating Stage = 154
Coupling = 156
Framing and Finding Titles = 157
Negotiating and Bargaining = 157
Assembling Early Sponsers and Supporters = 157
Routing = 157
Media Coverage = 158
Can Direct-Service Staff Help to Build Agendas? = 158
Policy Advocacy for Powerless Populations and Unpopular Issues = 159
Electoral Processes = 159
Developing Links with Advocacy Groups = 160
Using Multiple Skills in Agenda Building = 161
Diagnosing the Context = 163
Activation Stage = 164
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 166
Notes = 166
Suggested Readings = 167
Commiting to a Solution: Analyzing Problems = 168
Developing and Defending Policy Proposals = 168
Putting It All Together = 169
Do Policy Advocates Have to Analyze Problems? = 170
Using a Flowchart to Analyze Problems = 173
Five Cells in a Flowchart Format = 173
Illustrating a Flowchart with Welfare Reform = 178
The Causes of Social Problems = 182
Developing Interventions and Programs = 184
Preventive Programs = 187
Measuring the Magnitude of Problems = 192
Locating Problems Spatially = 194
Assessing Policy Reforms = 196
Social Problems as Slippery Concepts = 198
When Are Social Problems Real and When Are They Invented? = 198
Many Social Problems Defy Simple Solutions, But Many People Favor Panaceas = 199
Priorities Are Not Chosen Rationally = 200
Solving One Problem Can Create Others = 200
Variations in Problems = 201
Challenges for Policy Advocates = 202
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 203
Notes = 207
Suggested Reading = 209
Developing Policy Proposals = 210
Intersecting Arenas and Stakeholders = 210
Recurring Policy Issues and Policy Options = 213
Establishing a Mission = 213
Designing the Structure of Service = 214
Planning the Extent of Devolution and the Resource Path = 216
Defining Services = 224
Rationing Scarce Resources = 227
Addressing Agency Network Issues = 229
Addressing Community Factors = 231
Guiding and Overseeing Policy Implementation = 231
Assessing Implemented Policies = 232
An Overview of the Proposal to Fund Shelters for Battered Women = 232
The Anatomy of Policy Proposals = 232
Trade-Offs: Systematically Comparing Policy Options = 235
Identifying Options = 235
Selecting and Weighing Criteria = 236
Creating a Decision-Making Matrix = 237
Qualitative Ratings = 239
Linking Policy Skills = 240
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 243
Notes = 243
Suggested Readings = 246
Presenting and Defending Policy Proposals = 248
Ideology and Policy Positions = 249
Proposals and Ideology = 249
Electoral Politics and Proposals = 250
Combative Persuasion = 251
Adversarial Debates = 251
Coercive Messages = 254
Negotiations: Hardball and Win-Win Options = 255
Adversarial or Friendly Communication: Which Is Preferable? = 256
Persuading Specific Audiences = 257
Determining Objectives = 257
Diagnosing Audiences = 258
Strategies of Persuasion = 260
Selecting a Medium = 260
Using a Sequence of Presentations = 261
Selecting a Format = 261
Developing an Effective Presentation Style = 265
Tactics for Specific Audiences = 265
Other Tactical Choices = 266
Assembling a Strategy = 267
The Hostile Audience = 267
The Sympathetic Audience with Some Hostile Members = 268
The Expert Audience = 268
Interpersonal Discussions = 269
Writing Succinct Policy Memos = 273
Gaining Support for Grant Proposals = 277
Writing an Imaginative Title = 277
Giving a Compelling Rationale = 277
Drawing on Research Findings = 277
Setting Clear Objectives = 278
Including an Evaluation Component = 278
Demonstrating Feasibility = 278
Establishing Partnerships = 278
Demonstrating Support = 278
Developing a Realistic Budget = 279
Finding Funders = 279
Revising the Proposal = 280
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 284
Notes = 285
Suggested Readings = 286
PART 4 Advocating for Change = 287
Developing and Using Power = 288
In Defense of Politics = 289
Analytic and Political Approaches to Policy Advocacy = 290
The Nature of Power = 295
Person-to-Person Power = 296
Substantive Power = 298
Using Indirect Power = 299
Power in Decision-Making Procedures = 300
Process Power = 301
Shaping Contexts = 302
Successful Power Users = 303
Power in Organizations = 304
Discretion, Compliance, and Whistle-Blowing = 304
Defining Zones of Discretion = 304
Issues of Compliance = 305
Whistle-Blowing = 306
Exerting External Pressure = 307
Power Differentials = 307
Ethical Issues = 309
Developing and Using Power = 309
Obtaining Power Resources = 314
Building Personal Credibility = 314
Networking = 317
Out-Group Members' Problems = 319
Developing Assertiveness = 320
Can Direct-Service Staff Use Power Resources? = 321
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 322
Notes = 322
Suggested Readings = 326
Developing Political Strategy = 327
Establishing Some Objectives = 327
Determining a Position = 327
Selecting the Extent of Policy Changes = 332
Selecting a Time Frame = 332
Grounding Strategy in Current Realities = 332
The Power Distribution = 332
Identifying Contextual Factors = 335
Past Stances = 335
Vested Interests = 336
Cohesion of Likely Opponents and Proponents = 336
Situational Realities = 336
Predicting Future Developments = 337
Adapting Strategy to the Setting = 338
Building Scenarios to Construct Political Strategy = 338
Developing Alternative Scenarios = 338
Selecting a Strategy = 339
Revising a Strategy = 340
Seven Recurring Steps in Strategy = 340
Organizing a Team or Coalition = 341
Establishing Policy Goals = 341
Specifying a Proposal's Content and Getting Early Sponsors = 342
Establishing a Style = 342
Selecting Power Resources and Framing Strategy = 342
Implementing Strategy = 342
Revising the Strategy = 342
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 343
Notes = 343
Suggested Readings = 344
Putting Political Strategy into Action = 345
Strategy in Legislative Settings = 346
Organizing Legislative Advocacy Projects from Scratch = 346
Organizing a Team or Coalition = 346
Establishing Policy Goals in a Legislative Context = 347
Specifying a Proposal's Content and Getting Early Sponsors = 347
Establishing a Style = 348
Selecting Power Resources and Framing Strategy = 348
Implementing Strategy = 349
Revising the Strategy = 356
Strategy in Agency Settings = 356
Organizing a Team or Coalition = 356
Establishing Policy Goals in the Organizational Context = 356
Specifying a Proposal's Content = 359
Establishing a Style = 359
Selecting Power Resources and Framing Strategy = 360
Revising the Strategy = 360
Developing Strategy in Community Settings = 360
Organizing a Task Group = 361
Policy Advocates' Roles in Task Groups = 365
What Successful Task Groups Need = 365
The Task Group's Mission = 366
The Task Group's Leadership = 366
The Task Group's Developmental Needs = 366
The Task Group's Procedures = 367
The Task Group's Structure = 367
The Task Group's Deliberative and International Processes = 367
The Task Group's Staff and Resources = 368
Forming Coalitions = 368
Establishing Networks = 369
Addressing Dysfunctional Group Processes = 369
Establishing Policy Goals in the Community Context = 371
Specifying a Proposal's Content = 371
Establishing a Style = 371
Selecting Power Resources and Framing Strategy = 372
Revising the Strategy = 372
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 372
Notes = 372
Engaging in Ballot-Based Policy Advocacy = 375
Why Ballot-Based Policy Advocacy Is Important = 375
Policy Advocacy in the Electoral Process = 381
Developing Population Profiles = 381
Using Power Resources to Persuade Voters = 383
Using One-on-One Power Resources = 384
Using the Media = 385
Interacting with Opposing Candidates in Public Forums = 385
Developing Positions on Issues and Demonstrating Positive Personal Qualities = 385
Concluding Negative Attacks on Opponents = 387
Getting Out the Vote = 388
Securing Endorsements = 389
Convincing Other Potential Candidates Not to Run = 389
Gaining Support from Party, Trade Union, and Other Groups = 389
Finding Resources = 390
Creating a Campaign Organization = 391
Developing Campaign Strategy = 392
Strategy Options at the Outset of a Campaign = 392
Strategy During the Mid-Phase of a Campaign = 393
Conducting Issue-Oriented Campaigns = 394
Making Issue Campaigns and Electoral Politics Intersect = 395
Participating in Electoral and Issue-Oriented Campaigns = 396
Deciding to Run for Office = 400
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 404
Notes = 404
Suggested Readings = 406
PART 5 Troubleshooting and Assessing Policies = 407
Troubleshooting Policies = 408
A Framework for Implementing Policy = 409
Policy Innovations = 410
Oversight Organizations and Staff = 413
Primary Implementing Organizations = 414
Interorganizational Processes = 416
Implementing Processes = 419
The Context of Implementation = 420
Actual Outputs: The Evaluation of Implemented Policies = 423
Reforming the Implementation Process = 424
Do Policy Advocates Ever Sabotage Policies? = 426
A Case Example of Implementation: The Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 = 427
The Policy Innovation = 427
Context of the Patient Self-Determination Act = 428
Oversight Organizations = 430
Implementing Processes = 430
Perceptions of Policy Outcomes = 432
Advocates' Options for Reforming the Implementation of PSDA = 433
Changing the Content of the Policy = 433
Changing the Context = 433
Changing Actions of Oversight Agencies = 434
Changing Implementation Processes = 434
Improving Interorganizational Collaboration = 435
Securing Evaluations of Policy Outcomes = 435
Participating in Community-Based Advocacy Projects = 435
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 435
Notes = 436
Suggested Readings = 439
Assessing Policies = 440
Assessing Policies = 441
The Fundamental Logic of Policy Assessment = 441
Similarities Between Assessing and Analyzing Policy = 442
Similarities Between Policy Assessment and Policy Debates = 444
Tools for Countering Criticism = 446
Barriers to the Use of Policy and Program Evaluation = 449
Qualitative Evaluations = 452
Policy Advocates' Use of Data = 453
Why All Social Workers Should Assess Policies = 453
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 454
Notes = 454
Suggested Readings = 456
Name Index = 457
Subject Index 460
Dimension of Social Work Practice
Joining a Tradition of Social Reform = 2
Diversity and Policy Advocacy = 2
Advancing the Public Interest at Home and Abroad = 8
Using an Ecological Perspective = 8
What Policy Practitioners and Advocates Seek to Change = 9
What Are Policy Practice and Policy Advocacy? = 13
Challenges Encountered by Policy Advocates = 14
Joining a Tradition of Policy Advocacy = 18
Joining the Reform Tradition Within Social Work = 21
Policy Devolution, Technology, and Policy Advocacy = 22
Becoming an Effective Policy Advocate = 23
Developing a Vision = 23
Seeking Opportunities for Policy Advocacy = 24
Taking Sensible Risks = 25
Balancing Flexibility with Planning = 25
Developing Multiple Skills = 26
Being Persistent = 27
Tolerating Uncertainty = 27
Becoming a Policy Advocate = 28
Combining Pragmatism with Principle = 28
The Rewards of Policy Advocacy = 28
Changing the Composition of Decision Makers = 30
Getting Started = 31
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 32
Notes = 32
Suggested Readings = 33
Articulating Four Rationales for Participating in Policy Advocacy = 34
The Ethical Rationale for Policy Advocacy = 34
Beneficence and Professional Practice = 35
Policy-Sensitive and Policy-Related Practice = 36
Moving Toward Policy Advocacy = 38
Policy Advocacy and Powerless Groups = 40
Policy Advocacy for Out-Groups = 44
Other Ethical Principles in Policy Advocacy = 48
Other Types of Ethical Reasoning = 49
Toward an Eclectic Approach to Ethical Reasoning = 50
Returning to Ideology = 51
The Analytic Rationale for Policy Advocacy = 54
Choosing Sides: Controversy and Research = 56
The Political Rationale for Policy Advocacy = 60
Interlocking Rationales for Policy Advocacy = 63
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 64
Notes = 64
Suggested Readings = 66
PART 2 Surmounting Cynicism by Developing Policy-Advocacy Skills = 67
Obtaining Skills and Competencies for Policy Advocacy = 68
A Policy Practice Framework = 69
The Policy Context = 69
Perspectives of Stakeholders and Policy Advocates = 70
Patterns of Participation = 72
The Six Tasks of Policy Practitioners = 73
Four Skills That Policy Practitioners Need = 74
Policy Competencies = 75
Styles of Policy Practice = 78
Applications of Policy Tasks and Skills = 81
Building Agendas = 81
Analyzing Problems = 82
Writing Proposals = 83
Enacting Policy = 83
Implementing Policy = 84
Assessing Policy = 84
Analyzing Policy Practice = 85
Describing Policy Practice: A Case Example = 86
The Context = 86
The Policy Tasks = 87
Using Skills to Accomplish Policy Tasks = 88
Ballot-Based Advocacy = 90
The Variety of Policies = 91
Overcoming Discomfort with Power = 92
Social Policy's Role in Ecological Frameworks = 94
Policy Practice as a Unifying Theme = 94
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 94
Notes = 99
Suggested Readings = 100
Understanding the Ecology of Policy in Governmental Electoral, Community, and Agency Settings = 101
The Players in Legislative and Governmental Settings = 101
Elected Officials = 102
Unelected Officials or Bureaucrats = 110
Lobbyists and Interest Groups = 111
Connections Among Interest Groups, Legislators, and Bureaucrats = 112
Public Opinion = 112
The Electoral Process = 113
Early Maneuvering = 113
Running Campaigns = 114
The MindSets of Elected Officials = 115
The Environment of Public Servants: Elected Officials = 116
Shortcuts: Aides, Lobbyists, and Priorities = 117
The Calculus of Choice = 117
The MindSets of Nonelected Officials = 119
Political Appointees = 119
Civil Servants = 120
Strategy in Legislative Settings = 120
The Political Economy of Social Agencies = 121
The Political Economy of Programs and Social Work Units = 125
Mapping Agencies' Policies = 126
The Players in Organizational Settings = 130
The Organizational Chart = 131
Budget Priorities = 132
Boundary Spanners and Mission Enhancers = 132
Informal Relationships among Organizational Members = 132
The Political Economy of Communities = 133
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 134
Notes = 134
Suggested Readings = 137
PART 3 Committing to Problems and Solutions = 139
Committing to an Issue: Building Agendas = 140
Taking the First Step = 141
Why Agenda Building Is Needed = 142
Legislatures = 142
State Legislative Information = 143
Agencies = 144
Communities = 145
Three Challenges in Agenda Building = 145
The Diagnosing Stage = 148
The Softening Stage = 151
The Activating Stage = 154
Coupling = 156
Framing and Finding Titles = 157
Negotiating and Bargaining = 157
Assembling Early Sponsers and Supporters = 157
Routing = 157
Media Coverage = 158
Can Direct-Service Staff Help to Build Agendas? = 158
Policy Advocacy for Powerless Populations and Unpopular Issues = 159
Electoral Processes = 159
Developing Links with Advocacy Groups = 160
Using Multiple Skills in Agenda Building = 161
Diagnosing the Context = 163
Activation Stage = 164
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 166
Notes = 166
Suggested Readings = 167
Commiting to a Solution: Analyzing Problems = 168
Developing and Defending Policy Proposals = 168
Putting It All Together = 169
Do Policy Advocates Have to Analyze Problems? = 170
Using a Flowchart to Analyze Problems = 173
Five Cells in a Flowchart Format = 173
Illustrating a Flowchart with Welfare Reform = 178
The Causes of Social Problems = 182
Developing Interventions and Programs = 184
Preventive Programs = 187
Measuring the Magnitude of Problems = 192
Locating Problems Spatially = 194
Assessing Policy Reforms = 196
Social Problems as Slippery Concepts = 198
When Are Social Problems Real and When Are They Invented? = 198
Many Social Problems Defy Simple Solutions, But Many People Favor Panaceas = 199
Priorities Are Not Chosen Rationally = 200
Solving One Problem Can Create Others = 200
Variations in Problems = 201
Challenges for Policy Advocates = 202
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 203
Notes = 207
Suggested Reading = 209
Developing Policy Proposals = 210
Intersecting Arenas and Stakeholders = 210
Recurring Policy Issues and Policy Options = 213
Establishing a Mission = 213
Designing the Structure of Service = 214
Planning the Extent of Devolution and the Resource Path = 216
Defining Services = 224
Rationing Scarce Resources = 227
Addressing Agency Network Issues = 229
Addressing Community Factors = 231
Guiding and Overseeing Policy Implementation = 231
Assessing Implemented Policies = 232
An Overview of the Proposal to Fund Shelters for Battered Women = 232
The Anatomy of Policy Proposals = 232
Trade-Offs: Systematically Comparing Policy Options = 235
Identifying Options = 235
Selecting and Weighing Criteria = 236
Creating a Decision-Making Matrix = 237
Qualitative Ratings = 239
Linking Policy Skills = 240
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 243
Notes = 243
Suggested Readings = 246
Presenting and Defending Policy Proposals = 248
Ideology and Policy Positions = 249
Proposals and Ideology = 249
Electoral Politics and Proposals = 250
Combative Persuasion = 251
Adversarial Debates = 251
Coercive Messages = 254
Negotiations: Hardball and Win-Win Options = 255
Adversarial or Friendly Communication: Which Is Preferable? = 256
Persuading Specific Audiences = 257
Determining Objectives = 257
Diagnosing Audiences = 258
Strategies of Persuasion = 260
Selecting a Medium = 260
Using a Sequence of Presentations = 261
Selecting a Format = 261
Developing an Effective Presentation Style = 265
Tactics for Specific Audiences = 265
Other Tactical Choices = 266
Assembling a Strategy = 267
The Hostile Audience = 267
The Sympathetic Audience with Some Hostile Members = 268
The Expert Audience = 268
Interpersonal Discussions = 269
Writing Succinct Policy Memos = 273
Gaining Support for Grant Proposals = 277
Writing an Imaginative Title = 277
Giving a Compelling Rationale = 277
Drawing on Research Findings = 277
Setting Clear Objectives = 278
Including an Evaluation Component = 278
Demonstrating Feasibility = 278
Establishing Partnerships = 278
Demonstrating Support = 278
Developing a Realistic Budget = 279
Finding Funders = 279
Revising the Proposal = 280
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 284
Notes = 285
Suggested Readings = 286
PART 4 Advocating for Change = 287
Developing and Using Power = 288
In Defense of Politics = 289
Analytic and Political Approaches to Policy Advocacy = 290
The Nature of Power = 295
Person-to-Person Power = 296
Substantive Power = 298
Using Indirect Power = 299
Power in Decision-Making Procedures = 300
Process Power = 301
Shaping Contexts = 302
Successful Power Users = 303
Power in Organizations = 304
Discretion, Compliance, and Whistle-Blowing = 304
Defining Zones of Discretion = 304
Issues of Compliance = 305
Whistle-Blowing = 306
Exerting External Pressure = 307
Power Differentials = 307
Ethical Issues = 309
Developing and Using Power = 309
Obtaining Power Resources = 314
Building Personal Credibility = 314
Networking = 317
Out-Group Members' Problems = 319
Developing Assertiveness = 320
Can Direct-Service Staff Use Power Resources? = 321
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 322
Notes = 322
Suggested Readings = 326
Developing Political Strategy = 327
Establishing Some Objectives = 327
Determining a Position = 327
Selecting the Extent of Policy Changes = 332
Selecting a Time Frame = 332
Grounding Strategy in Current Realities = 332
The Power Distribution = 332
Identifying Contextual Factors = 335
Past Stances = 335
Vested Interests = 336
Cohesion of Likely Opponents and Proponents = 336
Situational Realities = 336
Predicting Future Developments = 337
Adapting Strategy to the Setting = 338
Building Scenarios to Construct Political Strategy = 338
Developing Alternative Scenarios = 338
Selecting a Strategy = 339
Revising a Strategy = 340
Seven Recurring Steps in Strategy = 340
Organizing a Team or Coalition = 341
Establishing Policy Goals = 341
Specifying a Proposal's Content and Getting Early Sponsors = 342
Establishing a Style = 342
Selecting Power Resources and Framing Strategy = 342
Implementing Strategy = 342
Revising the Strategy = 342
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 343
Notes = 343
Suggested Readings = 344
Putting Political Strategy into Action = 345
Strategy in Legislative Settings = 346
Organizing Legislative Advocacy Projects from Scratch = 346
Organizing a Team or Coalition = 346
Establishing Policy Goals in a Legislative Context = 347
Specifying a Proposal's Content and Getting Early Sponsors = 347
Establishing a Style = 348
Selecting Power Resources and Framing Strategy = 348
Implementing Strategy = 349
Revising the Strategy = 356
Strategy in Agency Settings = 356
Organizing a Team or Coalition = 356
Establishing Policy Goals in the Organizational Context = 356
Specifying a Proposal's Content = 359
Establishing a Style = 359
Selecting Power Resources and Framing Strategy = 360
Revising the Strategy = 360
Developing Strategy in Community Settings = 360
Organizing a Task Group = 361
Policy Advocates' Roles in Task Groups = 365
What Successful Task Groups Need = 365
The Task Group's Mission = 366
The Task Group's Leadership = 366
The Task Group's Developmental Needs = 366
The Task Group's Procedures = 367
The Task Group's Structure = 367
The Task Group's Deliberative and International Processes = 367
The Task Group's Staff and Resources = 368
Forming Coalitions = 368
Establishing Networks = 369
Addressing Dysfunctional Group Processes = 369
Establishing Policy Goals in the Community Context = 371
Specifying a Proposal's Content = 371
Establishing a Style = 371
Selecting Power Resources and Framing Strategy = 372
Revising the Strategy = 372
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 372
Notes = 372
Engaging in Ballot-Based Policy Advocacy = 375
Why Ballot-Based Policy Advocacy Is Important = 375
Policy Advocacy in the Electoral Process = 381
Developing Population Profiles = 381
Using Power Resources to Persuade Voters = 383
Using One-on-One Power Resources = 384
Using the Media = 385
Interacting with Opposing Candidates in Public Forums = 385
Developing Positions on Issues and Demonstrating Positive Personal Qualities = 385
Concluding Negative Attacks on Opponents = 387
Getting Out the Vote = 388
Securing Endorsements = 389
Convincing Other Potential Candidates Not to Run = 389
Gaining Support from Party, Trade Union, and Other Groups = 389
Finding Resources = 390
Creating a Campaign Organization = 391
Developing Campaign Strategy = 392
Strategy Options at the Outset of a Campaign = 392
Strategy During the Mid-Phase of a Campaign = 393
Conducting Issue-Oriented Campaigns = 394
Making Issue Campaigns and Electoral Politics Intersect = 395
Participating in Electoral and Issue-Oriented Campaigns = 396
Deciding to Run for Office = 400
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 404
Notes = 404
Suggested Readings = 406
PART 5 Troubleshooting and Assessing Policies = 407
Troubleshooting Policies = 408
A Framework for Implementing Policy = 409
Policy Innovations = 410
Oversight Organizations and Staff = 413
Primary Implementing Organizations = 414
Interorganizational Processes = 416
Implementing Processes = 419
The Context of Implementation = 420
Actual Outputs: The Evaluation of Implemented Policies = 423
Reforming the Implementation Process = 424
Do Policy Advocates Ever Sabotage Policies? = 426
A Case Example of Implementation: The Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 = 427
The Policy Innovation = 427
Context of the Patient Self-Determination Act = 428
Oversight Organizations = 430
Implementing Processes = 430
Perceptions of Policy Outcomes = 432
Advocates' Options for Reforming the Implementation of PSDA = 433
Changing the Content of the Policy = 433
Changing the Context = 433
Changing Actions of Oversight Agencies = 434
Changing Implementation Processes = 434
Improving Interorganizational Collaboration = 435
Securing Evaluations of Policy Outcomes = 435
Participating in Community-Based Advocacy Projects = 435
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 435
Notes = 436
Suggested Readings = 439
Assessing Policies = 440
Assessing Policies = 441
The Fundamental Logic of Policy Assessment = 441
Similarities Between Assessing and Analyzing Policy = 442
Similarities Between Policy Assessment and Policy Debates = 444
Tools for Countering Criticism = 446
Barriers to the Use of Policy and Program Evaluation = 449
Qualitative Evaluations = 452
Policy Advocates' Use of Data = 453
Why All Social Workers Should Assess Policies = 453
Chapter Summary: What You Can Now Do = 454
Notes = 454
Suggested Readings = 456
Name Index = 457
Subject Index 460