1 Introduction -- 2 The visible hand of government in U.S. credit markets -- 3 Discrimination, redlining, and financial restructuring in business credit markets -- 4 A brief history of mortgage-lending discrimination and redlining -- 5 From fair access to credit to access to fair credit -- 6 Mobilizing for credit : community activism, policy adoption, and implementation through 1987 -- 7 Community reinvestment from 1988 to the end of the twentieth century : struggles for bank and regulator accountability -- 8 The predatory lending policy debate -- 9 The Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending policy in the twenty-first century