목차 일부
1. What is the Ethics of Development? = 1
1.1 Why Development Ethics? Cases and Questions = 1
Extreme poverty amidst immense riches = 2
Health and sickness, needs and profits = 4
Towards a...
목차 전체
1. What is the Ethics of Development? = 1
1.1 Why Development Ethics? Cases and Questions = 1
Extreme poverty amidst immense riches = 2
Health and sickness, needs and profits = 4
Towards a 'calculus of pain': recognising varieties of suffering and violence = 7
The infliction of costs on the weak: the examples of dams, famines, debt and structural adjustment = 9
Global obligations and universal values? = 13
What is development? = 14
1.2 What? On Meanings and Agenda = 14
The core agenda of development ethics = 14
Emergence and contributors = 16
Definitions = 18
1.3 How? On Methods and Roles = 19
Methods = 19
Possible roles of development ethics = 21
Global or Southern? = 22
2. The Meaning of 'Development' = 25
2.1 Purposes and Themes = 25
2.2 Ahistorical Definitions of 'Development' = 27
Usages across the disciplines = 27
Usages in development studies = 28
2.3 Historically Specific Conceptions of Development: On Change, Intervention and Progress = 32
2.4 On Improvement: Issues in Evaluative Ahistorical Definition = 35
Development as opportunity or as achievement? = 36
The grossness of gross national/domestic product = 39
Universalism and relativism = 41
Commonality? = 44
2.5 Conclusion = 46
3. 'Efficiency and Effectiveness': Mainstream Development Evaluation in Theory and Practice = 49
3.1 Introduction: Mainstream Value Positions and Alternatives = 49
3.2 Effectiveness Towards What and For Whom? = 51
Effectiveness towards what? = 51
Effectiveness for whom? = 54
3.3 Efficiency in Terms of Which Values? = 56
What is efficient depends on what one's values are = 57
Tacit variants of economic efficiency: Paretian and utilitarian = 61
Concepts of efficiency and practices of victimisation = 64
3.4 Setting Economic Efficiency in Social and Environmental Context = 66
Limitations of a separate concept of economic efficiency = 66
Economic efficiency confined to a delimited role within a human and physical context = 70
Means and ends = 73
3.5 Understanding Value Systems = 74
Comparison of value positions in development evaluation = 74
The structure of market-derived arguments = 76
'Consumer sovereignty' = 78
3.6 Conclusion: Beyond Economism = 80
4. 'Equity': Who Bears Costs and Who Reaps Benefits? = 84
4.1 Sacrificing the Weak = 84
4.2 Aspects of Equity = 88
Criteria of distributive equity = 88
An application to the regulation of grazing in Zimbabwe = 92
An application to selection for resettlement in Zimbabwe = 93
Positive discrimination? = 96
4.3 A Deeper Analysis of Concepts = 97
Sen's framework for understanding different distributive criteria = 98
Land, returns and the fruits of effort = 102
Whose are the international debts? = 104
4.4 Assessing the Different Interpretations = 107
Equality of what? Why equality? = 107
Selecting from or inter-relating the principles = 109
Socio-political contexts = 110
4.5 Conclusion = 111
5. Violence and Human Security = 114
5.1 The Reemergence of Violence and Security as Central Concerns = 114
5.2 Development and Violence as Value-relative? On Concepts = 116
Violence = 116
Development and peace = 117
5.3 Development as Value-Damaging? = 118
Varieties of violence = 118
Violence and the economy = 120
5.4 Downgrading the Cost of Violence = 123
Market theory: only interests, no passions = 123
The downgrading and defining away of costs and alternatives = 125
5.5 Real Alternatives and Painful Choices = 126
Notions of tragedy, evil, dilemma = 126
Towards a calculus of pain, with a respect for persons = 128
5.6 Conclusion = 129
6. Needs and Basic Needs = 131
6.1 First Things First = 131
6.2 The Language of Need = 134
Meanings and syntax of 'need' = 134
A unifying framework for needs ethics and policy = 137
Meanings of 'basic' = 141
6.3 A Richer Picture of Persons = 142
Do we require a picture of persons? = 143
A better empirical base for prediction and evaluation = 143
Reinterpretations of poverty, luxury and limitless demand = 148
6.4 Dangers in Needs Theories and Ethics = 152
Is basic needs analysis passive and pacifying? = 152
Overextended? = 155
6.5 The Discursive and Practical Strategy of Basic Human Needs = 156
A required basis for other ethics = 156
Operationalising basic needs: targets, rights, responsibilities = 157
A programmatic alternative to economism = 159
6.6 Conclusion: Beggars can't be Choosers = 160
7. 'Human Development': Capabilities and Positive Freedom = 163
7.1 From Basic Needs to a Fuller Philosophy of Development = 163
7.2 The UNDP Human Development School = 166
The Human Development Reports = 166
Human Development and Human Rights = 169
7.3 Sen's Capability Approach and 'Development as Freedom' = 171
Freedom and reason = 171
Development as freedom = 172
Aspects of the capability approach = 173
Policy orientation = 177
7.4 Doubts and Alternatives = 179
Sen's picture of persons, capabilities and freedom = 179
Nussbaum's capabilities ethic = 182
For and against a universal list of priority capabilities = 185
7.5 Conclusion = 188
8. Cultures and the Ethics of Development = 191
8.1 Can One Criticise Cultures and yet Avoid Ethnocentrism? = 191
Agenda = 191
Introductory cases = 192
Is liberalism illiberal? = 194
8.2 Culture: The Underlying Issues = 196
Conceptions of culture = 196
Roles perceived for culture = 197
Natural man, plasticine man, nurtured natural man = 200
The uneasy relation between individual rights and group rights = 201
Women's right to employment? = 204
8.3 Communitarian Ethics and Cultural Relativism = 205
The texture of communitarian ethics = 205
Walzer's worlds = 206
Communitarianism is based on poor sociology = 208
Cultural relativism is inconsistent, internally and with our other beliefs = 209
The centrality of internal criticism = 211
8.4 Cases and Procedures = 212
Criteria for just decisions = 213
An overview of cases = 216
8.5 Conclusion = 218
9. Epilogue = 221
Bibliography = 231
Index 247
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